Journal of Clinical Medicine and Research

Current Clinical Application of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Anti-Angiogenic Agents in Brain Metastases of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Xin Yao — 2025-07-11

Brain metastasis is a common complication in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The occurrence of brain metastases has become a challenging issue in the treatment and prognosis of NSCLC. Therefore, identifying the most appropriate therapeutic strategies for patients with brain metastases is essential for prolonging survival. Traditional surgical and radiotherapy approaches have shown limited efficacy, and the blood-brain barrier significantly hinders the penetration of chemotherapeutic agents into the brain. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have achieved remarkable progress in the treatment of NSCLC. Given that both ICIs and anti-angiogenic agents target the tumor microenvironment, existing evidence supports a synergistic antitumor effect when these agents are used in combination. Furthermore, molecular targeted therapies and ICIs have opened new avenues and treatment options for NSCLC patients with brain metastases. This article discusses the application of immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic agents in NSCLC brain metastases, providing updated therapeutic insights for affected patients.

The Impact of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) Assisted Therapy on the Prognosis of Myocardial Infarction Patients.

Wei-Qiang Liu — 2025-07-11

Objective: To investigate the impact of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) assisted therapy on the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods: A total of 180 patients with acute myocardial infarction, admitted to our hospital from June 2021 to January 2024, were randomly divided into the observation group (IABP-assisted therapy) and the control group (conventional treatment), with 90 patients in each group. Results: The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the observation group (16.7%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (44.4%). The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improved more significantly, and myocardial injury markers and indicators recovered more rapidly in the observation group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: IABP-assisted therapy can significantly reduce the incidence of MACE, improve cardiac function, and enhance the prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Frontier Analysis of Innovative Drug Empagliflozin

Wei-Xing Chen — 2025-07-11

Empagliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Its advantages lie not only in lowering blood glucose but also in reducing the risk of cardiovascular death. A hallmark of innovative drugs is their associated patent protection. This paper presents a statistical and analytical overview of invention patents related to empagliflozin in China, covering aspects such as key applicants, applicant nationalities, application trends over the past 20 years, technological field distribution, and patent tagging. The goal is to understand trends, hotspots, and focal points in the technological development of innovative drugs related to empagliflozin. Special attention is given to the patent applications of Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, a representative applicant in this field. Since patents represent the frontline layout of innovative drugs, this frontier analysis of empagliflozin provides a valuable reference for pharmaceutical research and development.

AI at the Crossroads of Cost and Care: A SWOT Analysis of Microsoft AI Diagnostic Orchestrator (MAI-DxO) in Clinical Diagnosis

Malik Sallam — 2025-07-09

The deployment of superintelligent generative artificial intelligence (genAI) in clinical diagnosis marks a key inflection point in the evolution of modern healthcare. Microsoft’s AI Diagnostic Orchestrator (MAI-DxO), developed in collaboration with OpenAI’s large language models (LLMs), demonstrated diagnostic accuracy exceeding 85%. These outcomes—validated on hundreds of complex clinical cases—position MAI-DxO as both a disruptive force and a potential cost-saving solution in overburdened health systems worldwide. Despite these performance gains, the adoption of superintelligent genAI must be carefully examined through a structured evaluative lens. This Perspective employed a SWOT analysis—assessing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats—to critically appraise the implications of deploying MAI-DxO in clinical workflows. We explored its capacity to alleviate diagnostic bottlenecks, reduce healthcare expenditure, and extend care to underserved regions, while also addressing risks such as the erosion of clinical expertise, data biases, over-reliance on automation, and accountability concerns. We argue that successful integration of diagnostic superintelligent genAI will require proactive governance, transparent validation, and a reaffirmation of the physician’s interpretive role in care. MAI-DxO is not merely a technological advancement—it is a redefinition of diagnostic authority. Ensuring that this transformation benefits both patients and the profession demands foresight, regulation, and a deep commitment to medical ethics.

Comparison of Strain Elastography Findings of Breast Lesions with Histopathological Results-Breast Elastrography

Ayla Turkar — 2025-06-05

Objectives

Elastography is an adjunctive method used in the evaluation of breast lesions combined with ultrasonography. The goal of this study is to analyse the efficiency of strain elastography and its concordance with pathological results on patients who have sonographically demarcated breast lesions.

Materials and methods

39 female patients with breast lesion were included in this study. Strain elastography technique was applied and lesions were categorized into 5 groups by Tsukuba scoring system, and each lesion was scored. Strain ratio value was measured for each lesion. The collected data was compared with the histopathological results which were taken as gold standard.

Results

The mean age of the patients was calculated as 46±12. 26 of 39 lesions were determined as benign, 13 lesions as malignant. The mean SR of the benign lesions was calculated as 2,02±1,73 and the mean SR of the malignant lesions is calculated as 5,7±4,2 (p<0,002). The threshold value of strain ratio is calculated as 2,36 according to ROC curve. While 20 of the benign lesions’ SR values were below the threshold value, 6 were above. On the other hand, 11 of the malignant lesions’ SR values were above threshold value whereas 2 were under. All benign lesions had an elasticity score representing benignancy. 11 of the malignant lesions had an elasticity score representing malignancy; however, elasticity scores of 2 lesions indicated benignancy.

Conclusion

Strain elastography technique of benign and malignant breast lesions may reduce the necessity of biopsy and lower the costs.