Research on Digital Infrastructure Investments and Tourism Development in Cameroon with ARDL Approach
Gérard Tchouassi （ Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Yaounde II-Soa, BP. 18 Soa, Cameroon ）
Guylène Audrey Nguétchouo Domtchouang （ Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Yaounde II-Soa, BP. 18 Soa, Cameroon ）
https://doi.org/10.37155/2972-4813-gep0304-5简介
The advancement of digitalization, particularly through information systems, has significantly reshaped the tourism industry by altering both operational practices and structural organization, thereby establishing digital infrastructure as a pivotal component of the sector. This transformation has prompted economic stakeholders to increase investments in digital infrastructure to improve connectivity and facilitate access to digital services. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of digital infrastructure investment on tourism development in Cameroon. To this end, we employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model using annual data spanning the period from 2000 to 2021. Tourism development is proxied by international tourist arrivals, while digital infrastructure investment is captured through private sector investments in digital technologies. The empirical findings indicate that both private digital infrastructure investment and foreign direct investment (FDI) are statistically significant and positively associated with international tourist arrivals in Cameroon. However, the analysis also reveals a temporal asymmetry: in the short run, private digital investment exerts a significantly negative effect on tourist arrivals, whereas in the long run, the impact becomes positive and statistically significant. These results suggest that increased private investment in digital technologies eventually enhances access to digital tools among tourism stakeholders, thereby enabling more effective promotion of Cameroon’s image at both national and international levels and facilitating the adaptation of tourism offerings to better meet the preferences and expectations of visitors.
关键字
Tourism; Digital Infrastructures; Tourist Arrivals; ARDL; Cameroon全文
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[4]Barro, R. (1990). Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth. Journal of Political Economy. 98(S5), 103–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/261726
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[6]Benbba, B., Marso, S., Saoudi, I., & al. (2024). The effect of tourist digital engagement on tourism attractiveness. Revue Pluridisciplinaire de Communication et Management, 2, 1–27. (in French)
[7]Benyacoub, B., & Es-Salmani, M. (2021). ARDL modeling and bounds cointegration test for verifying the sustainability of public debt in Morocco. Revue Internationale du Chercheur, 2(4), 1–24. Available from: https://revuechercheur.com/index.php/home/article/view/259 (in French)
[8]Bethapudi, A. (2013). The role of ICT in tourism industry. Journal of Applied Economics and Business, 1(4), 67–79.
[9]Bouzahzah, M., & El Menyari, Y. (2012). Determinants of tourism demand: The case of Morocco. MPRA Paper. No. 39029. Available from: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39029 (cited 15 July 2025). (in French)
[10]Buhalis, D., & Deimezi, O. (2004). E-tourism developments in Greece: Information communication technologies adoption for the strategic management of the Greek tourism industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5(2), 103–130.
[11]Caves, R.E. (1974). Causes of direct investment: foreign firms’ shares in Canadian and United Kingdom manufacturing industries. The Review of Economics and Statistics. 56(3), 279–293.
[12]Centre International de Deauville, 2013. Forum: Digital Tourism. Centre International de Deauville: Deauville, France.
[13]Cuomo, M.T., Tortora, D., Foroudi, P., & al. (2020). Digital transformation and tourist experience co-design: big social data for planning cultural tourism. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 162, 120345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120345
[14]Dickey, D.A., & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057–1072.
[15]El Kadiri, K., Bentoumia, S., Mchich, H., & al. (2023). Sustainable and technological concepts leading to the attractiveness of foreign direct investment in Morocco: The case of the tourism sector. International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, Management and Economics, 4(3-2), 805–824. (in French)
[16]Elbe, J., Hallén, L., & Axelsson, B. (2009). The destination‐management organization and the integrative destination‐marketing process. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(3), 283–296.
[17]Fanmoe, A.J. (2011). Public investment and private investment in Cameroon: substitution, neutrality, or complementarity effect? STATECO. 106. (in French)
[18]Faucheux, S., Hue, C., & Nicolai, I. (2010). ICT and Sustainable Development: Conditions for Success. De Boeck: Brussels, Belgium. (in French)
[19]Flores, L. (2016). Measuring digital marketing effectiveness, 2nd ed. Estimating ROI to optimize your actions. Dunod: Paris, France. (in French)
[20]Gaglio, C., & Guillou, S. (2018). The digital productive fabric in France. OFCE Policy Brief, (36), 1–18. (in French)
[21]Gavard-Perret, M.-L. (2008). Alternative forms of communication in marketing. Recherche et Applications en Marketing, 22(3), 1–4. (in French)
[22]Gozgor, G., Lau, C.K., Lin, Z., & al. (2024). The impact of digital governance on tourism development. Journal of Digital Economy, 3, 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdec.2024.05.003
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[24]Hao, Y., Bai, H., & Sun, S. (2021). How does COVID-19 affect tourism in terms of people’s willingness to travel? Empirical evidence from China. Tourism Review, 76(4), 892–909.
[25]Hugon, P. (2001). The economics of conflicts in Africa. Revue Internationale et Stratégique, 3(43), 152–169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/ris.043.0152 (in French)
[26]Hymer, S. (1960). International operations of national firms: a study of direct foreign investment [PhD thesis]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA, USA.
[27]Iaich, M.H., & Bouroune, B. (2020). Public investment and economic growth in Morocco: an ARDL model approach. Revue du Contrôle de la Comptabilité et de l’Audit, 4(3), 476–485. Available from: https://www.revuecca.com/index.php/home/article/view/639 (in French)
[28]Lemoine, J.-F., & Salvadore, M. (2018). The impact of smartphone uses on the tourism experience: the case of destination discovery. Management & Avenir, 99(1), 165–189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/mav.099.0165
[29]Mahaldar, O., & Bhadra, K. (2015). ICT: a magic wand for social change in rural India. In: Handbook of Research on Cultural and Economic Impacts of the Information Society. IGI Global: Hershey, PA, USA. pp. 501–525.
[30]Mamontoff, C. (2019). Tourism and territorial security. General synthesis. In: Tourism and Territorial Security. De Boeck Supérieur : Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. pp. 107–114.
[31]Mendieta-Aragón, A., Rodríguez-Fernández, L., & Navío-Marco, J. (2025). Tourism usage of digital collaborative economy platforms in Europe: Situation, behaviours, and implications for the digital policies. Telecommunications Policy, 49(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102874
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[33]Morrison, A.M. (2013). Marketing and Managing Tourism Destinations. Routledge: Oxon, UK.
[34]Munar, A.M., 2012. Social media strategies and destination management. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12(2), 101–120.
[35]Nguyen, Q.H. (2021). Impact of investment in tourism infrastructure development on attracting international visitors: A nonlinear panel ARDL approach using Vietnam’s data. Economies, 9(3), 131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030131
[36]Pencarelli, T. (2020). The digital revolution in the travel and tourism industry. Information Technology and Tourism, 22(3), 455–476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-019-00160-3
[37]Pesaran, H., & Shin, Y. (1995). An autoregressive distributed lag modeling approach to co-integration analysis. DAE Working Paper Series No. 9514. Department of Economics, University of Cambridge: Cambridge, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521633230.011
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[40]Pike, S., & Page, S.J. (2014). Destination Marketing Organizations and destination marketing: A narrative analysis of the literature. Tourism Management, 41, 202–227.
[41]Presenza, A., Panniello, U., & Messeni Petruzzelli, A. (2021). Tourism multi‐sided platforms and the social innovation trajectory: The case of Airbnb. Creativity and Innovation Management, 30(1), 47–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12394
[42]Romer, P.M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy. 94(5), 1002–1037.
[43]Safaa, L., Oruezabala, G., & Bidan, M. (2021). Tourism in the era of digital technologies. Téoros, 40(40-2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1084554ar (in French)
[44]Salloum, S.A., Alhamad, A.Q.M., Al-Emran, M., & al. (2019). Exploring students’ acceptance of e-learning through the development of a comprehensive technology acceptance model. IEEE Access. 7, 128445–128462.
[45]Scheid, F., Vaillant, R., & Montaigu, G. (2012). Digital Marketing: Developing Your Strategy in the Digital Age. Eyrolles: Paris, France. (In French)
[46]Seetanah, B., Juwaheer, T.D., Lamport, M.J., & al. (2011). Does infrastructure matter in Tourism Development? University of Mauritius Research Journal, 17, 89–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/umrj.v17i1.70731
[47]Shah, S.S.H., Aziz, J., Jaffari, A.R., & al. (2012). The impact of brands on consumer purchase intentions. Asian Journal of Business and Management, 4(2), 105–110.
[48]Sigala, M., & Gretzel, U. (2018). Advances in Social Media for Travel, Tourism and Hospitality: New Perspectives, Practice and Cases. Routledge : New York, NY, USA.
[49]Sigala, M., & Haller, C. (2018). The impact of social media on the behavior of wine tourists: A typology of power sources. In: Management and Marketing of Wine Tourism Business: Theory, Practice, and Cases. Springer: Cham, Switzerland. pp. 139–154.
[50]Solow, R. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65–94. DOI : https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
[51]Solow, R. (1987). We’d better watch out. NYTBR, 7(1), 36.
[52]Song, H., Witt, S.F., & Li, G. (2008). The Advanced Econometrics of Tourism Demand. Routledge: New York, NY, USA. p. 234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203891469
[53]Tankeu, M.Y., & Andzanga, N.B. (2023). Visa digitalization and tourism in Cameroon: a promising future? Nkafu Policy Institute: Yaounde, Cameroon.
[54]Tchamy, J., Ateba, J., Koubikat, B.C.M., & al. (2020). E-tourism in developing and underdeveloped countries: Case of Cameroon. Frontiers in Management and Business, 1(1), 7–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25082/FMB.2020.01.003
[55]Tchouassi, G. (2012). Can mobile phones really work to extend banking services to the unbanked? Empirical lessons from selected Sub-Saharan Africa countries. International Journal of Developing Societies, 1(2), 70–81.
[56]Tchouassi, G. (2021). The power of the ICT consumer. In: Moutheu, M.A. (ed.). The Consumer of Information and Communication Technologies in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa. L’Harmattan: Paris, France. (In French)
[57]Tchouassi, G., & Nguétchouo Domtchouang, G.A. (2024). Tourism industry ecosystem in Cameroon: between collaboration, coordination and partnership. International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, Management and Economics, 5(11), 355–371. (In French)
[58]Tchouassi, G., Ngwen, N., 2014. Private and public investment in Africa: A time-series cross-country analysis. International Journal of Economics and Finance. 6(5), 264–273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v6n5p264 (in French)
[59]Tronquoy, P. (2013). The digital society. La Documentation française: Paris, France. (In French)
[60]UNWTO. (2023). New data shows a recovery of investments in the global tourism sector. United Nation World Tourism Organization: Madrid, Spain.
[61]Wooldridge, J.M. (2006). Introduction to Econometrics: A Modern Approach. Paraninfo: Madrid, Spain.
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版权所有 © 2025 Gérard Tchouassi, Guylène Audrey Nguétchouo Domtchouang
出版时间:2025-12-30
本作品采用以下许可协议授权： 知识共享 署名 4.0 国际许可协议
