New Approaches for T Cell Immunomodulation
Eman Bahattab （ National Center for Biotechnology. King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia ）
Khalid Shah （ BWH Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA ）
Mohannad Fallatah （ Center of Excellence for Biomedicine. National Center for Biotechnology. King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia ）
https://doi.org/10.37155/2717-5278-0301-3Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite the evolution in cancer treatment, the mortality rate is still high. The astonishing results of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients bearing solid tumors have encouraged scientists to develop new strategies for cancer immunotherapy to further improve the clinical outcomes. Immunomodulation for cancer therapy is growing rapidly as a promising alternative approach for conventional cancer therapeutics, due to its specificity and efficacy in suppressing growth and metastasis. However, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and the various mechanisms whereby tumor cells escape the immune response diminishes the efficacy of many cancer immunotherapeutic drugs, especially when the drug is administered as monotherapy. Some of these factors include poor immune recognition of tumor cells, lack of sufficient drug concentration within the tumor site, and suppression of tumor-reactive T cell proliferation and effector functions. This review describes some of the novel immunomodulation strategies that have been recently developed to overcome these limitations and to augment strong antitumor immune response against different tumor types. For example, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), CAR- T cells, Bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTE) antibody, oncolytic viruses (OVs), cytokine-antibody fusion protein, genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), oncolytic virotherapy, gut microbiota modulation and nanoparticles mediated cancer therapy. These novel strategies have been proven to augment strong antitumor immune response against different tumor types, reduced toxicity, as well as generated long-lived memory T cell population that was able to protect the host from tumor relapse. Combination therapies either with conventional or immunotherapy further improved the efficacy of cancer treatment.
Keywords
Immunomodulation; Checkpoint inhibitors; Co-stimulatory receptors; Bispecific antibody; Cytokine/Antibody fusion; Bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTE) antibody; Oncolytic virus (OVs); Genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); Nano-based vaccine and Gut microbiotaFull Text
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[15]. Chae YK, Arya A, Iams W, Cruz MR, Chandra S, Choi J, et al. Current landscape and future of dual anti-CTLA4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy in cancer; lessons learned from clinical trials with melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer. 2018;6(1):39.
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[17]. Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, Grob JJ, Rutkowski P, Lao CD, et al. Five-Year Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(16):1535-46.
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[19]. Heath WR, Belz GT, Behrens GM, Smith CM, Forehan SP, Parish IA, et al. Cross-presentation, dendritic cell subsets, and the generation of immunity to cellular antigens. Immunol Rev. 2004;199:9-26.
[20]. Bousso P. T-cell activation by dendritic cells in the lymph node: lessons from the movies. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(9):675-84.
[21]. Ward-Kavanagh LK, Lin WW, Sedy JR, Ware CF. The TNF Receptor Superfamily in Co-stimulating and Co-inhibitory Responses. Immunity. 2016;44(5):1005-19.
[22]. Linsley PS, Ledbetter JA. The role of the CD28 receptor during T cell responses to antigen. Annu Rev Immunol. 1993;11:191-212.
[23]. Attanasio J, Wherry EJ. Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Receptor Pathways in Infectious Disease. Immunity. 2016;44(5):1052-68.
[24]. Buchan SL, Fallatah M, Thirdborough SM, Taraban VY, Rogel A, Thomas LJ, et al. PD-1 Blockade and CD27 Stimulation Activate Distinct Transcriptional Programs That Synergize for CD8(+) T-Cell-Driven Antitumor Immunity. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2018;24(10):2383-94.
[25]. Huang J, Jochems C, Anderson AM, Talaie T, Jales A, Madan RA, et al. Soluble CD27-pool in humans may contribute to T cell activation and tumor immunity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md : 1950). 2013;190(12):6250-8.
[26]. Buchan SL, Dou L, Remer M, Booth SG, Dunn SN, Lai C, et al. Antibodies to Costimulatory Receptor 4-1BB Enhance Anti-tumor Immunity via T Regulatory Cell Depletion and Promotion of CD8 T Cell Effector Function. Immunity. 2018;49(5):958-70.e7.
[27]. Pan PY, Zang Y, Weber K, Meseck ML, Chen SH. OX40 ligation enhances primary and memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in an immunotherapy for hepatic colon metastases. Mol Ther. 2002;6(4):528-36.
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Copyright © 2021 Eman Bahattab, Khalid Shah, Mohannad Fallatah
Publishing time:2021-06-30
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
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