The Activated Carbon with Pyrolle-N from Cotton Stalk for the Electrochemical Performance

Tiezhen Ren ( Xinjiang University )

Meng-Jie Cui

Yan-Mei Zhao

Wen-Long Mo

Zheng Wang

https://doi.org/10.37155/2717-526X-0402-6

Abstract

Porous carbon materials have been applied in many fields for their advanced physical features. Using biomass waste material as the activated carbon (AC) source is of importance to keep the sustainable environment. The CO2 activation and KOH activation were adopted to create AC with the flexible porous structure and the former caused low surface area but with high nitrogen content of AC. The reversed results were formed with the KOH activation. The differences on specific surface area and nitrogen groups distribution were investigated by nitrogen sorption isotherm and X-ray photoluminescence spectroscopy. Their porous structure and framework were characterized with transmission electron microscope and Raman spectra. Electrochemical performance was evaluated by supercapacitance and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Comparing to the CO2 activation, KOH activation improved surface area of AC and more functional groups on the carbon surface, which led to the enhancement of the electroactivity.

Keywords

Activated carbon; Porous structure; Surface feature; Supercapacitance; OER

Full Text

PDF

References

[1] Yang L, Shui J, Du L, et al. Carbon-based metal-free ORR electrocatalysts for fuel cells: past, present, and future. Advanced Materials, 2019;31(13):1804799. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804799
[2] Li Q, He T, Zhang YQ, et al. Biomass waste-derived 3D metal-free porous carbon as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2019;7(20):17039-17046. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02964
[3] Liu Z, Li Z, Tian S, et al. Conversion of peanut biomass into electrocatalysts with vitamin B12 for oxygen reduction reaction in Zn-air battery. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019;44(23):11788-11796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.055
[4] Ren JT, Yuan GG, Weng CC, et al. Hierarchically porous heteroatoms-doped vesica-like carbons as highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for Zn-air batteries. ChemCatChem, 2018;10(22):5297-5305. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801482
[5] Zhu X, Li Y, Li R, et al. Self-assembled N-doped carbon with a tube-in-tube nanostructure for lithium-sulfur batteries. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2020;559:244-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.10.027
[6] Kang MS, Heo I, Cho KG, et al. Coarsening-induced hierarchically interconnected porous carbon polyhedrons for stretchable ionogel-based supercapacitors. Energy Storage Materials, 2022;45:380-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.12.001
[7] Sajjadi B, Chen WY and Egiebor NO. A comprehensive review on physical activation of biochar for energy and environmental applications. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 2019;35(6):735-776. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2017-0113
[8] Wang S, Liu Y, Wang Q, et al. Fabrication of self-doped aramid-based porous carbon fibers for the high-performance supercapacitors. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2022;923:116829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116829
[9] Wang X, Vasileff A, Jiao Y, et al. Electronic and structural engineering of carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts for water splitting. Advanced Materials, 2019;31(13):1803625. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803625
[10] Jayaraman T, Murthy AP, Elakkiya V, et al. Recent development on carbon based heterostructures for their applications in energy and environment: a review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2018;64:16-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.02.029
[11] Creutzig F, Breyer C, Hilaire J, et al. The mutual dependence of negative emission technologies and energy systems. Energy & Environmental Science, 2019;12(6):1805-1817. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE03682A
[12] Gao Z, Zhang Y, Song N, et al. Biomass-derived renewable carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage. Materials Research Letters, 2017;5(2):69-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2016.1250834
[13] Chinnadurai D, Karuppiah P, Chen SM, et al. Metal-free multiporous carbon for electrochemical energy storage and electrocatalysis applications. New Journal of Chemistry, 2019;43(29):11653-11659. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NJ01875A
[14] Zhou S, Zhou L, Zhang Y, et al. Upgrading earth-abundant biomass into three-dimensional carbon materials for energy and environmental applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019;7(9):4217-4229. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA12159A
[15] Hu C and Dai L. Multifunctional carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts for simultaneous oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution. Advanced Materials, 2017;29(9):1604942. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604942
[16] Bi Z, Kong Q, Cao Y, et al. Biomass-derived porous carbon materials with different dimensions for supercapacitor electrodes: a review. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019;7(27):16028-16045. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA04436A
[17] Xu Z, Chen J, Zhang X, et al. Template-free preparation of nitrogen-doped activated carbon with porous architecture for high-performance supercapacitors. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2019;276:280-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2018.09.023
[18] Liu Y, Qiu X, Liu X, et al. 3D porous binary-heteroatom doped carbon nanosheet/electrochemically exfoliated graphene hybrids for high performance flexible solid-state supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018;6(18):8750-8756. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA01148F
[19] Sun J, Niu J, Liu M, et al. Biomass-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbons with tailored hierarchical porosity and high specific surface area for high energy and power density supercapacitors. Applied Surface Science, 2018;427:807-813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.220
[20] Zou J, Tu W, Zeng SZ, et al. High-performance supercapacitors based on hierarchically porous carbons with a three-dimensional conductive network structure. Dalton Transactions, 2019;48(16):5271-5284. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9DT00261H
[21] Liu F, Gao Y, Zhang C, et al. Highly microporous carbon with nitrogen-doping derived from natural biowaste for high-performance flexible solid-state supercapacitor. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2019;548:322-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.005
[22] Eom SW, Lee CW, Yun MS, et al. The roles and electrochemical characterizations of activated carbon in zinc air battery cathodes. Electrochimica Acta, 2006;52(4):1592-1595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.02.067
[23] Zhang LY, Wang MR, Lai YQ, et al. Nitrogen-doped microporous carbon: an efficient oxygen reduction catalyst for Zn-air batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2017;359:71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.05.056
[24] He J, Zhang D, Han M, et al. One-step large-scale fabrication of nitrogen doped microporous carbon by self-activation of biomass for supercapacitors application. Journal of Energy Storage, 2019;21:94-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.11.015
[25] Niu L, Shen C, Yan L, et al. Waste bones derived nitrogen-doped carbon with high micropore ratio towards supercapacitor applications. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2019;547:92-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.097
[26] Xu SS, Qiu SW, Yuan ZY, et al. Nitrogen-containing activated carbon of improved electrochemical performance derived from cotton stalks using indirect chemical activation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2019;540:285-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.01.031
[27] Xu Z, Li Y, Li D, et al. N-enriched multilayered porous carbon derived from natural casings for high-performance supercapacitors. Applied Surface Science, 2018;444:661-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.03.100
[28] Huang J, Wu J, Dai F, et al. 3D honeycomb-like carbon foam synthesized with biomass buckwheat flour for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Chemical Communications, 2019;55(62):9168-9171. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CC03039E
[29] Li YT, Pi YT, Lu LM, et al. Hierarchical porous active carbon from fallen leaves by synergy of K2CO3 and their supercapacitor performance. Journal of Power Sources, 2015;299:519-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.039
[30] Pallarés J, González-Cencerrado A and Arauzo I. Production and characterization of activated carbon from barley straw by physical activation with carbon dioxide and steam. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2018;115:64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.04.015
[31] Lei E, Li W, Ma C, et al. CO2-activated porous self-templated N-doped carbon aerogel derived from banana for high-performance supercapacitors. Applied Surface Science, 2018;457:477-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.07.001
[32] Yu M, Han Y, Li J, et al. CO2-activated porous carbon derived from cattail biomass for removal of malachite green dye and application as supercapacitors. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017;317:493-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.105
[33] Cao Y, Ning G, Xu C, et al. Selective activation of S or N-containing carbon segments by alkalic or acidic activators. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2019;58(21):9048-9055. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00306
[34] Kirubakaran CJ, Krishnaiah K and Seshadri SK. Experimental study of the production of activated carbon from coconut shells in a fluidized bed reactor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1991;30(11):2411-2416. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00059a008
[35] Taer E, Manik ST, Taslim R, et al. Preparation of activated carbon monolith electrodes from sugarcane bagasse by physical and physical-chemical activation process for supercapacitor application. Advanced Materials Research, 2014;896:179-182. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.896.179
[36] Farma R, Deraman M, Awitdrus A, et al. Preparation of highly porous binderless activated carbon electrodes from fibres of oil palm empty fruit bunches for application in supercapacitors. Bioresource Technology, 2013;132:254-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.044
[37] Landers J, Gor GY and Neimark AV. Density functional theory methods for characterization of porous materials. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2013;437:3-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.01.007
[38] Li K, Ren T, Yuan ZY, et al. Electrodeposited PCo nanoparticles in deep eutectic solvents and their performance in water splitting. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018;43(22):10448-10457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.136
[39] Rouquerol J, Avnir D, Fairbridge CW, et al. Recommendations for the characterization of porous solids (Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1994;66(8):1739-1758. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199466081739
[40] Pi YT, Xing XY, Lu LM, et al. Hierarchical porous activated carbon in OER with high efficiency. RSC Advances, 2016;6(104):102422-102427. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA19333A
[41] Wang W, Xu S, Wang K, et al. De-intercalation of the intercalated potassium in the preparation of activated carbons by KOH activation. Fuel Processing Technology, 2019;189:74-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.03.001
[42] Cho NH, Veirs DK, Ager Iii JW, et al. Effects of substrate temperature on chemical structure of amorphous carbon films. Journal of Applied Physics, 1992;71(5):2243-2248. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.351122
[43] Jin K, Zhang W, Wang Y, et al. In-situ hybridization of polyaniline nanofibers on functionalized reduced graphene oxide films for high-performance supercapacitor. Electrochimica Acta, 2018;285:221-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.220
[44] Li Y, Zhu G, Huang H, et al. A N, S dual doping strategy via electrospinning to prepare hierarchically porous carbon polyhedra embedded carbon nanofibers for flexible supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019;7(15):9040-9050. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA12246F
[45] Chen Y, Li X, Park K, et al. Nitrogen-doped carbon for sodium-ion battery anode by self-etching and graphitization of bimetallic MOF-based composite. Chem, 2017;3(1):152-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2017.05.021
[46] Chen H, Chen J, Chen D, et al. Nitrogen-and oxygen-rich dual-decorated carbon materials with porosity for high-performance supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Science, 2019;54(7):5625-5640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2993-x
[47] Lin XQ, Lü QF, Li Q, et al. Fabrication of low-cost and ecofriendly porous biocarbon using konjaku flour as the raw material for high-performance supercapacitor application. ACS Omega, 2018;3(10):13283-13289. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01718
[48] Liang Q, Ye L, Huang ZH, et al. A honeycomb-like porous carbon derived from pomelo peel for use in high-performance supercapacitors. Nanoscale, 2014;6(22):13831-13837. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR04541F
[49] Lin G, Ma R, Zhou Y, et al. KOH activation of biomass-derived nitrogen-doped carbons for supercapacitor and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Electrochimica Acta, 2018;261:49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.107
[50] Wang B, Ji L, Yu Y, et al. A simple and universal method for preparing N, S co-doped biomass derived carbon with superior performance in supercapacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 2019;309:34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.087
[51] Lei W, Guo J, Wu Z, et al. Highly nitrogen and sulfur dual-doped carbon microspheres for supercapacitors. Science Bulletin, 2017;62(14):1011-1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2017.06.001
[52] Chen Z, Wang X, Xue B, et al. Self-templating synthesis of 3D hollow tubular porous carbon derived from straw cellulose waste with excellent performance for supercapacitors. ChemSusChem, 2019;12(7):1390-1400. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201802945
[53] Chen Z, Wang X, Xue B, et al. Rice husk-based hierarchical porous carbon for high performance supercapacitors: the structure-performance relationship. Carbon, 2020;161:432-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.088
[54] Li G, Anderson L, Chen Y, et al. New insights into evaluating catalyst activity and stability for oxygen evolution reactions in alkaline media. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 2018;2(1):237-251. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7SE00337D
[55] Doyle RL and Lyons MEG. The oxygen evolution reaction: mechanistic concepts and catalyst design. In: In: Giménez S, Bisquert J (editors). Photoelectrochemical solar fuel production. Springer, Cham; 2016. pp. 41-104.
[56] Huang D, Li S, Zhang X, et al. A novel method to significantly boost the electrocatalytic activity of carbon cloth for oxygen evolution reaction. Carbon, 2018;129:468-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.12.046
[57] He D, Zhao W, Li P, et al. Bifunctional biomass-derived N, S dual-doped ladder-like porous carbon for supercapacitor and oxygen reduction reaction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019;773:11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.141
[58] Wu H, Geng J, Ge H, et al. Egg-derived mesoporous carbon microspheres as bifunctional oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. Advanced Energy Materials, 2016;6(20):1600794. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600794
[59] Irshad A and Munichandraiah N. Electrochemical deposition of manganese oxide-phosphate-reduced graphene oxide composite and electrocatalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction. RSC Advances, 2016;6(36):30552-30563. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA01217E
[60] Ghouri ZK, Elsaid K, Abdel-Wahab A, et al. Electrooxidation behavior of ethanol toward carbon microbead-encapsulated ZnO particles derived from coffee waste. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2020;31(9):6530-6537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03209-w

Copyright © 2023 Tiezhen Ren; Meng-Jie Cui; Yan-Mei Zhao, Wen-Long Mo, Zheng Wang Creative Commons License Publishing time:2022-09-30
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License