The Legal and Economic Framework of Internships in Georgia: Country Report
Irakli Leonidze （ The Faculty of Law, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia; The Institute for Business, Labor and Social Law, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Germany ）
https://doi.org/10.37155/2972-4813-gep0304-8Abstract
This article examines the legislative regulation of “open market internships” in Georgia, focusing on the 2020 amendment to the “Labor Code of Georgia.” Prior to this reform, internships lacked legal definition and were excluded from systematic regulation, despite their growing relevance in the labor market. The introduction of Article 18 marked a pivotal shift by formally recognizing the concept of internships and establishing rules for “open market internships” – those not governed by other legal acts. Notably, the provision excludes internships in public institutions and legal entities under public law, creating a dual regulatory framework. The article analyzes the implications of this amendment, exploring how the legal codification of internships addressed previous ambiguities related to unpaid labor and informal referrals disguised as internships. It also traces how informal practices and growing demand for professional experience gradually shaped the practical and legal understanding of internships even before formal recognition. By evaluating the legal, institutional and practical aspects of internship regulation, the article highlights the challenges of implementing comprehensive standards and the significance of legal clarity in aligning internship practices with labor rights and social protections in Georgia’s evolving labor market.
Keywords
Labor Code of Georgia; Open market internship; Intern; Organization; Regulation; Intern rightsFull Text
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[1].Organic Law of Georgia on Amendments to the Organic Law of Georgia "Labour Code of Georgia", Georgian Legislative Herald, 29 September 2020, art 18.
[2].Council Recommendation on a Quality Framework for Traineeships [2014] OJ C88/1, art 10; Rosas G., Corbanese V., Developing Quality Traineeships for Young People, International Labour Organization, Turin, 2017, 9–10.
[3].Organic Law of Georgia "Labour Code of Georgia", Georgian Legislative Herald, 17 December 2010, art 18(6).
[4].Ibid, art 18(7).
[5].Public Defender of Georgia, General Position on Labour Legislation and Internship Procedures (12 October 2020).
[6]. Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia, Survey of Enterprises' Demand for Skills 2017 Report (2017) 53–54; State Agency for Employment Promotion, Annual Report 2020–2021 (2021) 4–5.
[7].Tumanishvili G. G., Omsarashvili D., Psycho-Social and Legal Aspects of Internships – Current Practice and Challenges in Modern Georgia in Journal of Justice and Law, 4, 52, 2016, 38.
[8].Kardava E., Regulation of Internships in Georgian and European Legislation in Journal of Law, 2, 2021, 127.
[9].Nakashidze R., Problems and Solutions in Vocational Education and Training in Georgia, in Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 7, 2, 2013, 158–159.
[10].Organic Law of Georgia "Labour Code of Georgia", Georgian Legislative Herald, 17 December 2010, arts 18(2) and 75(1).
[11].Letter of appeal to Tbilisi City Court (14 April 2022), Correspondence №2-0144/5686404; Letter of appeal to Tbilisi City Court Mediation Center (6 May 2022), Correspondence №3-0455/5755914.
[12].Letter of Appeal №09/2150 (2 May 2022) to the Department of Labour, Health and Social Protection of IDPs from the Occupied Territories of Georgia.
[13].Letter of Appeal №09/2150 (2 May 2022) to the Association of Mediators of Georgia.
[14].Letter of Appeal №1792 (2 May 2022) to the Personal Data Protection Service, Correspondence №PDPS42200001792.
[15].Letter of Appeal №5129/22 (3 May 2022) to the Public Defender of Georgia, Correspondence №24/4761.
[16]. Internship Needs Survey, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Young Socialists, Organization Report (2019) 14–16.
[17].A(a)LP “Young Lawyers”, Legislative Proposal on Amendments and Supplements to the Organic Law of Georgia "Labour Code of Georgia", under art 150 of the Rules of Procedure of the Parliament of Georgia (2014) 2.
[18].Cf. Müller, The Quality of Traineeships in the EU: European Added Value Assessment, European Parliamentary Research Service, Brussels, 2022, 6–7.
[19].Kardava, Regulation of Internships in Georgian and European Legislation in Journal of Law, 2, 2021, 128.
[20].Study of Internship Needs, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Young Socialists, Organization Report (2019) 54–55.
[21].Cf. Dorsett G., Speckesser and Stoke, Estimating the Impact of Traineeships (Final Report), National Institute of Economic and Social Research, Institute for Employment Studies and University of Westminster, 2019, 8–9.
[22].Council Recommendation on a Quality Framework for Traineeships [2014] OJ C88/01, art 29(9).
[23].Kalvelage G., European Network of Public Employment Services Ad hoc Request: Remuneration of Open-Market Traineeships in EU-27, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2021, 6.
[24].Ibid 25. Member States: Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Cyprus.
[25].Ibid 26. A. Member States where traineeships are defined and the legal status of the trainee is specified: Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Italy, Lithuania, Slovenia. B. Member States requiring remuneration linked to minimum wage: Germany, Luxembourg, Romania, Bulgaria. C. Member States applying minimum wage where traineeships equal employment: Ireland, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Greece. D. Member States applying minimum wage depending on agreement terms: Estonia, Poland, Croatia, Malta.
[26].Ibid 28. Member States: France and Latvia.
[27].Association Agreement between Georgia, of the One Part and the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the Other Part (27 June 2014, entered into force 1 July 2016) art 2(i).
[28].Kardava E., Regulation of Internships in Georgian and European Legislation, in Journal of Law, 2, 2021.
[29].Bregvadze L., Theory of Autopoietic Legal Culture: Law Transfers and Legal Self-Regulation in a Global Society, PhD Dissertation, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 2016, 420.
[30].Law of Georgia "On Lawyers", №22, 20 June 2001, art 16(1); Law of Georgia "On Notary", №46, 4 December 2009, art 28(1); Organic Law of Georgia "On the Constitutional Court of Georgia", Parliamentary Gazette, 31 January 1996, art 12(1)(e).
[31].Law of Georgia "On Advocates", JSC, №22, 20 June 2001, art 16(2).
[32].Order №450 of the Minister of Justice of Georgia On Approval of the Regulation on the Procedure and Conditions for Conducting a Competition for Internships and the Procedure for Passing an Internship at the Notary Chamber of Georgia (23 October 2019) art 3(2).
[33].Law of Georgia "On Employment Promotion", 14 July 2020, art 16(1).
[34].Organic Law of Georgia ‘Labor Code of Georgia’, 17 December 2010, art 18(1).
[35].Organic Law of Georgia ‘On Amendments to the Organic Law of Georgia “Labor Code of Georgia”’, Georgian Legislative Herald, 29 September 2020, art 18(1).
[36]. Sturua N., Standards for the Regulation of Labor Relations under Georgian Legislation – Comparative Legal Analysis with Western Standards, Dissertation, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 2018, 26.
[37].Cf. US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for COVID-19 (2020) 3.
[38].Resolution №410 of the Government of Georgia ‘On the Rules and Conditions for Undertaking Internships in Public Institutions’ (18 June 2014) art 2.
[39].Cf. Tumanishvili G. G., Omsarashvili D., On the Meaningful Meanings of Work, Rest and Break Time in Labor Relations in Journal of Justice and Law, 2, 70, 2021, 135.
[40].Cf. Barishvili I., The Essence and Practice of Internship in Georgia – Relation to Curriculums, Research on the Direction of Educational Administration, Georgian National University Press, Tbilisi, 2018.
[41].Law of Georgia ‘On Employment Promotion’, GMS, 14 July 2020, art 13.
[42].Ibid art 16(1).
[43].Rules of Procedure of the Constitutional Court of Georgia, Constitutional Court website (14 February 2020) art 8(1)(o)–(p).
[44].Khantadze N., Legal Practice Programs in Georgia: Assessment and Recommendations, Research Report, Tbilisi, 2019, 32, 34, 37.
[45].For example, see the Internship Procedure – Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, art 2(1).
[46].Organic Law of Georgia ‘Labor Code of Georgia’, 17 December 2010, art 18(1).
[47].Ibid art 3(2).
[48].Cf. Macharadze M., The Expediency of Reconsidering the Concept of an Employee in the Light of Technological Progress, in Journal of Law, 2, 2020, 58.
[49].Cf. Boroni A. (ed.), Commentary on the Labor Code of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2016, 100. See: Sturua N., Standards for the Regulation of Labor Relations under Georgian Legislation – Comparative Legal Analysis with Western Standards, Dissertation, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 2018; Shvelidze Z., Georgian Judicial Practice on Labor Disputes (Collection of Decisions, Tbilisi, 2020, 79; Novitsi T., Labor Standards and Trade: Do We Need to Choose Between “Human Rights” and “Sustainable Development”, supplementary textbook for the Business Law Course, Georgian National University Press, Tbilisi, 2022, 160–161.
[50].Order №450 of the Minister of Justice of Georgia ‘On Approval of the Regulation on the Rules and Conditions for Conducting a Competition for Internships and the Rules for Passing an Internship in the Notary Chamber of Georgia’ (23 October 2019) art 3(1).
[51].Order №19 of the Public Defender of Georgia ‘On Approval of the Rules for Passing an Internship in the Public Defender’s Office of Georgia’ (15 January 2018) art 23(1).
[52].See https://jobs.ge/ accessed 14 April 2022.
[53].Cf. Kardava E., Regulation of Internships in Georgian and European Legislation, in Journal of Law, 2, 2021, 129–130.
[54].Organic Law of Georgia ‘Labor Code of Georgia’, GCM 75, 17 December 2010, art 18(3).
[55].Ibid art 18(4).
[56].Tumanishvili G. G., Omsarashvili D., On the Meaningful Meanings of Work, Rest and Break Time in Labor Relations, in Journal of Justice and Law, 2, 70, 2021, 134–135.
[57].Council Directive 97/81/EC of 15 December 1997 Concerning the Framework Agreement on Part-time Work Concluded by UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC; Council Directive 1999/70/EC of 28 June 1999 Concerning the Framework Agreement on Fixed-term Work Concluded by ETUC, UNICE and CEEP; Gasitashvili E., Bakakuri N., Kardava E., Kartozia M., Lipartia N., European Union Court Practice and Georgian Labor Law, Tbilisi, 2019, 110–111.
[58].Tumanishvili G. G., Omsarashvili D., Specific Aspects of Labor Relations During the State of Emergency, on the Example of COVID-19, in Journal Justice and Law, 3, 67, 2020, 79.
[59].See: ILO Bureau for Employers' Activities, An Employers' Guide on Working from Home in Response to the Outbreak of COVID-19 (International Labour Office, Geneva, 2020) 9; ILO Bureau for Employers' Activities, An Employers' Guide on Managing Your Workplace During COVID-19 (International Labour Office, Geneva, 2020) 6–9; Powell A., Francis-Devine B and Clark H, Coronavirus: Impact on the Labour Market, Commons Library Research Briefing, 2022, 5–7.
[60].Report on the Measures Taken by the Government of Georgia: Protection of Human Rights during the COVID-19 Crisis (2020) 21, 30, 43.
[61].Lanchava G., Keburia T., Tsintsadze G., Labour Relations and Social Protection during the Pandemic, Report on Georgia, Human Rights Training and Monitoring Center, 2020, 23.
[62].Cf. Cerulli-Harms A., Generation Internship: The Impact of Internships on Early Labour Market Performance, Institute of Labor Economics, 2017, 22–23.
[63].Cf. Decisions of the State Inspectorate: Data Processing in Labor Relations (2021) 51–52.
[64].Organic Law of Georgia ‘Labor Code of Georgia’, GS 75, 17 December 2010, art 18(2).
[65].Gabisonia T., Essential Terms of the Labor Contract, in Journal of My Lawyer, 4, 2020.
[66].Cf. Boroni A. (ed.), Commentary on the Labor Code of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2016, 97.
[67].Study of Youth Attitudes, Motivation and Employment Strategies (Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection of Georgia, 2016) 85.
[68].Council Directive 91/533/EEC on an Employer's Obligation to Inform Employees of the Conditions Applicable to the Contract or Employment Relationship, 14/10/1991.
[69].Cf. Council Directive 91/533/EEC of 14 October 1991 on an Employer's Obligation to Inform Employees of the Conditions Applicable to the Contract or Employment Relationship.
[70].Report on the Measures Taken by the Government of Georgia: Protection of Human Rights in the COVID-19 Crisis (2020) 14–15.
[71].Cf. Leonidze I., The Importance of the Association Agreement for the Development of Business Law (Comparative Legal Analysis of Council Directive 77/91/EEC of 13 December 1976 and National Legislation) in Collection of Articles in Business Law, Georgian National University Press, Tbilisi, 2022, 61–62.
[72].Cf. Mikaia M., The Impact of the European Union on the Process of Legal Regulation of Labor Safety in Collection of Articles in Business Law, Georgian National University, Tbilisi, 2022, 43–44.
[73].Cf. Boroni A. (ed.), Commentary on the Labor Code of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2016, 89.
[74].Law of Georgia ‘On Lawyers’, Law Gazette 22, 20 June 2001, art 16(2).
[75].Tumanishvili G. G., Omsarashvili D., On the Minimum Legal Standard Related to Dismissal, in Journal of Justice and Law, 1, 69, 2021, 143–144.
[76].Kapanadze T., Termination of an Employment Contract by the Employer on the Grounds of Violation of an Obligation by the Employee, in Journal of Justice and Law, 1, 53, 2017, 100–101.
[77].Constitution of Georgia, Proceedings of the Parliament of Georgia, 31–33, 24 August 1995, art 5.
[78].Jgerenaia E., Kardava E., Protection of Labor Rights as Part of European Integration Policy – Development Perspectives within the Framework of the Association Agreement, Visa Liberalization Action Plan and Social Charter, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Tbilisi, 2016, 151–152.
[79].Decision of the Constitutional Court of Georgia of 28 February 1997 in Case №2/4-24 “Leonardo Devdariani v. the President of Georgia”; Decision of the Constitutional Court of Georgia of 26 October 2007 in Case №2/2-389 “Citizen of Georgia Maia Natadze and Others v. the Parliament of Georgia and the President of Georgia” II:18–19.
[80].Letter of Appeal to the Tbilisi City Court of 14 April 2022, Correspondence №2-0144/5686404.
[81].Letter of Appeal to the Tbilisi City Court of 6 May 2022, Correspondence №3-0455/5755914.
[82].Organic Law of Georgia ‘Labor Code of Georgia’, 17 December 2010, art 2(1).
[83].Letter of Appeal to the Tbilisi City Court of 6 May 2022, Correspondence №3-0455/5755914.
[84].See. Draft Law of Georgia №07-3/210/10 ‘On Amendments to the Law of Georgia “On Public Service”’.
[85].Takashvili S., The Evidence Process in a Dispute Arising from the Termination of a Employment Agreements for a Trial Period in Journal of Justice and Law, 3, 71, 2021, 128–129.
[86].Decision of the Civil Cases Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 26 February 2016 in Case №AS-1300-1220-2015.
[87].Decision of the Civil Cases Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 5 March 2018 in Case №AS-1300-1220-2017.
[88].Decision of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 31 May 2018 in Case №AS-1500-1420-2017.
[89].Decision of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 22 June 2018 in Case №AS-533-533-2018.
[90].Decision of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 14 November 2018 in Case №AS-411-411-2018.
[91].Decision of the Civil Cases Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 23 February 2022 in Case №AS-119-2020.
[92].Decision of the Administrative and Other Category Cases Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 30 October 2002 in Case №3G-AD-338-K-02.
[93].Decision of the Administrative and Other Category Cases Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 27 January 2004 in Case №BS-143-321-K-03.
[94].Decision of the Administrative and Other Category Cases Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 22 January 2008 in Case №BS-825-787(K-07).
[95].Report on the Activities of the Department of Inspection of Working Conditions of the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection of IDPs from the Occupied Territories of Georgia for 2020 (Tbilisi, 2020).
[96].Report on the Activities of the Department of Inspection of Working Conditions of the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection of IDPs from the Occupied Territories of Georgia for: 2019 (Tbilisi, 2019) 47; 2018 (Tbilisi, 2018) 22; 2015–2017 Summary (Tbilisi, 2014) 24.
[97].Research of the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection of Georgia, Study of Youth Attitudes, Motivation and Employment Strategies (2016) 84; Survey of Enterprises’ Demand for Skills 2017 Report (Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia, 2017) 27–28; Survey of Enterprises’ Demand for Skills – 2020 (Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia, 2020) 54–56.
[98].Letter of Appeal №5129/22 of 3 May 2022 to the Public Defender of Georgia, Correspondence №24/4761.
[99].General Proposal of the Public Defender of Georgia on “Preventing and Combating Discrimination”.
[100].Letter of Appeal №09/2150 of 2 May 2022 to the Department of Labor Conditions Inspection of the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection of IDPs from the Occupied Territories of Georgia.
[2].Council Recommendation on a Quality Framework for Traineeships [2014] OJ C88/1, art 10; Rosas G., Corbanese V., Developing Quality Traineeships for Young People, International Labour Organization, Turin, 2017, 9–10.
[3].Organic Law of Georgia "Labour Code of Georgia", Georgian Legislative Herald, 17 December 2010, art 18(6).
[4].Ibid, art 18(7).
[5].Public Defender of Georgia, General Position on Labour Legislation and Internship Procedures (12 October 2020).
[6]. Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia, Survey of Enterprises' Demand for Skills 2017 Report (2017) 53–54; State Agency for Employment Promotion, Annual Report 2020–2021 (2021) 4–5.
[7].Tumanishvili G. G., Omsarashvili D., Psycho-Social and Legal Aspects of Internships – Current Practice and Challenges in Modern Georgia in Journal of Justice and Law, 4, 52, 2016, 38.
[8].Kardava E., Regulation of Internships in Georgian and European Legislation in Journal of Law, 2, 2021, 127.
[9].Nakashidze R., Problems and Solutions in Vocational Education and Training in Georgia, in Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 7, 2, 2013, 158–159.
[10].Organic Law of Georgia "Labour Code of Georgia", Georgian Legislative Herald, 17 December 2010, arts 18(2) and 75(1).
[11].Letter of appeal to Tbilisi City Court (14 April 2022), Correspondence №2-0144/5686404; Letter of appeal to Tbilisi City Court Mediation Center (6 May 2022), Correspondence №3-0455/5755914.
[12].Letter of Appeal №09/2150 (2 May 2022) to the Department of Labour, Health and Social Protection of IDPs from the Occupied Territories of Georgia.
[13].Letter of Appeal №09/2150 (2 May 2022) to the Association of Mediators of Georgia.
[14].Letter of Appeal №1792 (2 May 2022) to the Personal Data Protection Service, Correspondence №PDPS42200001792.
[15].Letter of Appeal №5129/22 (3 May 2022) to the Public Defender of Georgia, Correspondence №24/4761.
[16]. Internship Needs Survey, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Young Socialists, Organization Report (2019) 14–16.
[17].A(a)LP “Young Lawyers”, Legislative Proposal on Amendments and Supplements to the Organic Law of Georgia "Labour Code of Georgia", under art 150 of the Rules of Procedure of the Parliament of Georgia (2014) 2.
[18].Cf. Müller, The Quality of Traineeships in the EU: European Added Value Assessment, European Parliamentary Research Service, Brussels, 2022, 6–7.
[19].Kardava, Regulation of Internships in Georgian and European Legislation in Journal of Law, 2, 2021, 128.
[20].Study of Internship Needs, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Young Socialists, Organization Report (2019) 54–55.
[21].Cf. Dorsett G., Speckesser and Stoke, Estimating the Impact of Traineeships (Final Report), National Institute of Economic and Social Research, Institute for Employment Studies and University of Westminster, 2019, 8–9.
[22].Council Recommendation on a Quality Framework for Traineeships [2014] OJ C88/01, art 29(9).
[23].Kalvelage G., European Network of Public Employment Services Ad hoc Request: Remuneration of Open-Market Traineeships in EU-27, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2021, 6.
[24].Ibid 25. Member States: Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Cyprus.
[25].Ibid 26. A. Member States where traineeships are defined and the legal status of the trainee is specified: Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Italy, Lithuania, Slovenia. B. Member States requiring remuneration linked to minimum wage: Germany, Luxembourg, Romania, Bulgaria. C. Member States applying minimum wage where traineeships equal employment: Ireland, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Greece. D. Member States applying minimum wage depending on agreement terms: Estonia, Poland, Croatia, Malta.
[26].Ibid 28. Member States: France and Latvia.
[27].Association Agreement between Georgia, of the One Part and the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the Other Part (27 June 2014, entered into force 1 July 2016) art 2(i).
[28].Kardava E., Regulation of Internships in Georgian and European Legislation, in Journal of Law, 2, 2021.
[29].Bregvadze L., Theory of Autopoietic Legal Culture: Law Transfers and Legal Self-Regulation in a Global Society, PhD Dissertation, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 2016, 420.
[30].Law of Georgia "On Lawyers", №22, 20 June 2001, art 16(1); Law of Georgia "On Notary", №46, 4 December 2009, art 28(1); Organic Law of Georgia "On the Constitutional Court of Georgia", Parliamentary Gazette, 31 January 1996, art 12(1)(e).
[31].Law of Georgia "On Advocates", JSC, №22, 20 June 2001, art 16(2).
[32].Order №450 of the Minister of Justice of Georgia On Approval of the Regulation on the Procedure and Conditions for Conducting a Competition for Internships and the Procedure for Passing an Internship at the Notary Chamber of Georgia (23 October 2019) art 3(2).
[33].Law of Georgia "On Employment Promotion", 14 July 2020, art 16(1).
[34].Organic Law of Georgia ‘Labor Code of Georgia’, 17 December 2010, art 18(1).
[35].Organic Law of Georgia ‘On Amendments to the Organic Law of Georgia “Labor Code of Georgia”’, Georgian Legislative Herald, 29 September 2020, art 18(1).
[36]. Sturua N., Standards for the Regulation of Labor Relations under Georgian Legislation – Comparative Legal Analysis with Western Standards, Dissertation, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 2018, 26.
[37].Cf. US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for COVID-19 (2020) 3.
[38].Resolution №410 of the Government of Georgia ‘On the Rules and Conditions for Undertaking Internships in Public Institutions’ (18 June 2014) art 2.
[39].Cf. Tumanishvili G. G., Omsarashvili D., On the Meaningful Meanings of Work, Rest and Break Time in Labor Relations in Journal of Justice and Law, 2, 70, 2021, 135.
[40].Cf. Barishvili I., The Essence and Practice of Internship in Georgia – Relation to Curriculums, Research on the Direction of Educational Administration, Georgian National University Press, Tbilisi, 2018.
[41].Law of Georgia ‘On Employment Promotion’, GMS, 14 July 2020, art 13.
[42].Ibid art 16(1).
[43].Rules of Procedure of the Constitutional Court of Georgia, Constitutional Court website (14 February 2020) art 8(1)(o)–(p).
[44].Khantadze N., Legal Practice Programs in Georgia: Assessment and Recommendations, Research Report, Tbilisi, 2019, 32, 34, 37.
[45].For example, see the Internship Procedure – Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, art 2(1).
[46].Organic Law of Georgia ‘Labor Code of Georgia’, 17 December 2010, art 18(1).
[47].Ibid art 3(2).
[48].Cf. Macharadze M., The Expediency of Reconsidering the Concept of an Employee in the Light of Technological Progress, in Journal of Law, 2, 2020, 58.
[49].Cf. Boroni A. (ed.), Commentary on the Labor Code of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2016, 100. See: Sturua N., Standards for the Regulation of Labor Relations under Georgian Legislation – Comparative Legal Analysis with Western Standards, Dissertation, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 2018; Shvelidze Z., Georgian Judicial Practice on Labor Disputes (Collection of Decisions, Tbilisi, 2020, 79; Novitsi T., Labor Standards and Trade: Do We Need to Choose Between “Human Rights” and “Sustainable Development”, supplementary textbook for the Business Law Course, Georgian National University Press, Tbilisi, 2022, 160–161.
[50].Order №450 of the Minister of Justice of Georgia ‘On Approval of the Regulation on the Rules and Conditions for Conducting a Competition for Internships and the Rules for Passing an Internship in the Notary Chamber of Georgia’ (23 October 2019) art 3(1).
[51].Order №19 of the Public Defender of Georgia ‘On Approval of the Rules for Passing an Internship in the Public Defender’s Office of Georgia’ (15 January 2018) art 23(1).
[52].See https://jobs.ge/ accessed 14 April 2022.
[53].Cf. Kardava E., Regulation of Internships in Georgian and European Legislation, in Journal of Law, 2, 2021, 129–130.
[54].Organic Law of Georgia ‘Labor Code of Georgia’, GCM 75, 17 December 2010, art 18(3).
[55].Ibid art 18(4).
[56].Tumanishvili G. G., Omsarashvili D., On the Meaningful Meanings of Work, Rest and Break Time in Labor Relations, in Journal of Justice and Law, 2, 70, 2021, 134–135.
[57].Council Directive 97/81/EC of 15 December 1997 Concerning the Framework Agreement on Part-time Work Concluded by UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC; Council Directive 1999/70/EC of 28 June 1999 Concerning the Framework Agreement on Fixed-term Work Concluded by ETUC, UNICE and CEEP; Gasitashvili E., Bakakuri N., Kardava E., Kartozia M., Lipartia N., European Union Court Practice and Georgian Labor Law, Tbilisi, 2019, 110–111.
[58].Tumanishvili G. G., Omsarashvili D., Specific Aspects of Labor Relations During the State of Emergency, on the Example of COVID-19, in Journal Justice and Law, 3, 67, 2020, 79.
[59].See: ILO Bureau for Employers' Activities, An Employers' Guide on Working from Home in Response to the Outbreak of COVID-19 (International Labour Office, Geneva, 2020) 9; ILO Bureau for Employers' Activities, An Employers' Guide on Managing Your Workplace During COVID-19 (International Labour Office, Geneva, 2020) 6–9; Powell A., Francis-Devine B and Clark H, Coronavirus: Impact on the Labour Market, Commons Library Research Briefing, 2022, 5–7.
[60].Report on the Measures Taken by the Government of Georgia: Protection of Human Rights during the COVID-19 Crisis (2020) 21, 30, 43.
[61].Lanchava G., Keburia T., Tsintsadze G., Labour Relations and Social Protection during the Pandemic, Report on Georgia, Human Rights Training and Monitoring Center, 2020, 23.
[62].Cf. Cerulli-Harms A., Generation Internship: The Impact of Internships on Early Labour Market Performance, Institute of Labor Economics, 2017, 22–23.
[63].Cf. Decisions of the State Inspectorate: Data Processing in Labor Relations (2021) 51–52.
[64].Organic Law of Georgia ‘Labor Code of Georgia’, GS 75, 17 December 2010, art 18(2).
[65].Gabisonia T., Essential Terms of the Labor Contract, in Journal of My Lawyer, 4, 2020.
[66].Cf. Boroni A. (ed.), Commentary on the Labor Code of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2016, 97.
[67].Study of Youth Attitudes, Motivation and Employment Strategies (Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection of Georgia, 2016) 85.
[68].Council Directive 91/533/EEC on an Employer's Obligation to Inform Employees of the Conditions Applicable to the Contract or Employment Relationship, 14/10/1991.
[69].Cf. Council Directive 91/533/EEC of 14 October 1991 on an Employer's Obligation to Inform Employees of the Conditions Applicable to the Contract or Employment Relationship.
[70].Report on the Measures Taken by the Government of Georgia: Protection of Human Rights in the COVID-19 Crisis (2020) 14–15.
[71].Cf. Leonidze I., The Importance of the Association Agreement for the Development of Business Law (Comparative Legal Analysis of Council Directive 77/91/EEC of 13 December 1976 and National Legislation) in Collection of Articles in Business Law, Georgian National University Press, Tbilisi, 2022, 61–62.
[72].Cf. Mikaia M., The Impact of the European Union on the Process of Legal Regulation of Labor Safety in Collection of Articles in Business Law, Georgian National University, Tbilisi, 2022, 43–44.
[73].Cf. Boroni A. (ed.), Commentary on the Labor Code of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2016, 89.
[74].Law of Georgia ‘On Lawyers’, Law Gazette 22, 20 June 2001, art 16(2).
[75].Tumanishvili G. G., Omsarashvili D., On the Minimum Legal Standard Related to Dismissal, in Journal of Justice and Law, 1, 69, 2021, 143–144.
[76].Kapanadze T., Termination of an Employment Contract by the Employer on the Grounds of Violation of an Obligation by the Employee, in Journal of Justice and Law, 1, 53, 2017, 100–101.
[77].Constitution of Georgia, Proceedings of the Parliament of Georgia, 31–33, 24 August 1995, art 5.
[78].Jgerenaia E., Kardava E., Protection of Labor Rights as Part of European Integration Policy – Development Perspectives within the Framework of the Association Agreement, Visa Liberalization Action Plan and Social Charter, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Tbilisi, 2016, 151–152.
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[96].Report on the Activities of the Department of Inspection of Working Conditions of the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection of IDPs from the Occupied Territories of Georgia for: 2019 (Tbilisi, 2019) 47; 2018 (Tbilisi, 2018) 22; 2015–2017 Summary (Tbilisi, 2014) 24.
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[98].Letter of Appeal №5129/22 of 3 May 2022 to the Public Defender of Georgia, Correspondence №24/4761.
[99].General Proposal of the Public Defender of Georgia on “Preventing and Combating Discrimination”.
[100].Letter of Appeal №09/2150 of 2 May 2022 to the Department of Labor Conditions Inspection of the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection of IDPs from the Occupied Territories of Georgia.
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Publishing time:2025-12-30
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