Future Developments of Leadership and Leadership Education: Recommendations from synthesizing three foresight studies
Ineke Blumenthal （ Thinktank Foresight, School of International Business and Entrepreneurship, Herrenberg, 71083, Germany ）
Nick Lange （ Independent Researcher ）
Stefanie Kisgen （ Professor for Leadership, School of International Business and Entrepreneurship, Herrenberg, 71083, Germany ）
https://doi.org/10.37155/2972-4856-jei0304-14Abstract
This article discusses future developments for leadership and leadership education based on three Delphi-based Foresight studies supported by 332 experts from business, science, politics, and associations. Based on a thematic analysis, six key areas were identified that may be subject to future changes: In complex and dynamic environments such as those created by digital transformation, the traditional understanding of leadership as an individual trait or role may shift toward an increasingly distributed, network-based process. Concurrently, higher education institutions may see their role expanding toward becoming partners in lifelong learning through the creation of new learning environments, consequently integrating leadership education into all university degree programs. In this context, the focus in curricula may shift more than ever from knowledge transmission to personal development. Curricula could transform into globally connected, modular, hybrid, and technology-supported learning ecosystems. Evaluation may increasingly shift toward output-, competency-, and impact-oriented approaches, while financing models may become more diversified and place greater emphasis on the educational value generated.
Keywords
Higher education; Foresight; Delphi; Leadership education; CurriculumFull Text
PDFReferences
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[2].Alexander B. Academia Next: The Futures of Higher Education. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press; 2020.
[3].Blumenthal I. The Future of Leadership in a Digital and Networked World: Implications for Leadership Education. Stuttgart: Steinbeis Edition; 2023.
[4].Blumenthal I, Kisgen S and Faix WG. Empower to innovate. In: Schallmo, D.R.A., Pätzmann J.U., Clauß T., Mattes V. (editors) Entrepreneurship im digitalen Zeitalter. Schwerpunkt Business Model Innovation [Entrepreneruship in the digital age. Focus business model innovation]. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler; 2025. p. 323 - 348. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-46410-3_13.
[5].Brynjolfsson E and McAfee A. The second machine age. Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. New York City: W. W. Norton & Co; 2014.
[6].Cano E, Lluch L, Grané M and Remesal A. Competency-Based Assessment Practices in Higher Education: Lessons from the Pandemics. Trends Higher Education, 2023, 2, 238–254. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu2010012.
[7].Cuhls K and Johnston R. Corporate Foresight. In: Cagnin C, Keenan M, Johnston R, Scapolo F, Barré R (editors). Future-Oriented Technology Analysis. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg; 2008. p. 103–114.
[8].Dincer E and Macerauskiene N. Envisioning the Entrepreneurial University 2.0: A Foresight Study on Creativity and Digitalization. Global and Lokal Distance Education- GLOKALde, 2024; 10 (3), 2.
[9].Ehlers UD. Vier Szenarien für die Hochschule der Zukunft. In: Ehlers UD. Future Skills. Lernen der Zukunft - Hochschule der Zukunft. Wiesbaden: Springer VS; 2020. p 263–292 . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29297-3_13.
[10].Erpenbeck J, von Rosenstiel L, Grote S and Sauter W. Handbuch Kompetenzmessung. Erkennen, verstehen und bewerten von Kompetenzen in der betrieblichen, pädagogischen und psychologischen Praxis [Handbook of Competence Assessment: Identifying, Understanding, and Evaluating Competencies in Organizational, Educational, and Psychological Practice]. 3rd ed. Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel; 2017.
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[13].Faix AV. Innovating Leadership Education: How Business Schools and Universities need to innovate sustainable strategies in Leadership Education. In: Sengupta E, Blessinger P, Yamin TS (editors). Innovations in higher education teaching and learning. Introduction to sustainable development leadership and strategies in higher education. Vol. 22. Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited; 2020. pp. 39–53.
[14].Faix WG, Kisgen S., Schwinn A. and Windisch L. Führung, Persönlichkeit und Bildung: Mit Führungskraft die Zukunft erfolgreich und nachhaltig gestalten [Leadership, Personality, and Education: Shaping the Future Successfully and Sustainably with Leadership Strength]. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler; 2021.
[15].Faix WG and Mergenthaler J. The creative power of education: On the formation of a creative personality as the fundamental condition for innovation and entrepreneurial success. Stuttgart: Steinbeis-Edition; 2015.
[16].Fang L. (2025). Integrating Student Entrepreneurship Studios with Professional Curricula: A Case Study of the Landscape Architecture Program at Guangdong Baiyun University. The Journal of Education Insights; 2025; 3(1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.37155/2972-4856-0301-2.
[17].Frank DJ. and McEneaney EH. The Individualization of Society and the Liberalization of State Policies on Same-Sex Sexual Relations. Social Forces; 1999, 778(3): 911–944. https://doi.org/10.1093/SF%2F77.3.911.
[18].Gracia-Zomeño A, García-Toledano E, García-Perales R. and Palomares-Ruiz A. Leadership and Entrepreneurship in Education and Their Impact on the Management of Sustainable Educational Environments. Sustainability; 2025, 17(7), 2911. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072911.
[19].Gray P and Hovav A. Methods for Studying the Information Systems Future. Researching the Future in Information Systems. In: Chiasson M., Henfridsson O, Karsten H, DeGross JI (editors). IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 356. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. pp 299–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21364-9_21.
[20].Häder M. Delphi-Befragungen. Wiesbaden: Springer; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783658019280.
[21].Heitmeyer W, Mansel J and Olk T. Individualisierung von Jugend. Zwischen kreativer Innovation, Gerechtigkeitssuche und gesellschaftlichen Reaktionen. Jugendforschung [Individualization of Youth: Between Creative Innovation, the Quest for Justice, and Societal Responses. Youth Research]. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa; 2012.
[22].Hojeij Z. Educational leadership's role in fostering innovation and entrepreneurship in education: A narrative literature review, Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2024; 10: 101173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101173.
[23].Howard A., Maxwell C. Preparing leaders for the global south. The work of elite schools through global citizenship education. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2021, 53(2): 324-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2021.1914550
[24].Iatrellis O, Samaras N and Kokkinos K. Towards a Capability Maturity Model for Micro-Credential Providers in European Higher Education. Trends in Higher Education, 2024, 3: 504–527. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3030030.
[25].Jarni N and Gurr D. A Futures Perspective on Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: An Essay on Best and Next Practices. Trends in Higher Education, 2024, 3: 793–811. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3030045.
[26].Jenkins DM and Andenoro AC. Developing Critical Thinking Through Leadership Education. New Directions for Higher Education, 2016, 174: 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/he.20189.
[27].Junaidi. Artificial Intelligence: Building Quality in Developing Creativity, Innovation, and Motivation in the Learning and Teaching Process. The Journal of Education Insights, 2025, 3 (4): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.37155/2972-4856-jei0304-5.
[28].Junhua Z and Lan L. Designing the Future of Entrepreneurship Education: Exploring an AI-Empowered Scaffold System for Business Plan Development. 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education (ICAIE), 2025: 184-193. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAIE64856.2025.11158485.
[29].Katzman SD, Carrion CA and Hurst-Kennedy J. The Impact of Primary Literature-Based, Critical Thinking Activities on Competency Enhancement for Pre-Health Students. Trends in Higher Education, 2024, 3: 725–733. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3030041.
[30].Kisgen S. The Future of Business Leadership Education in Tertiary Education for Graduates. Stuttgart: Steinbeis Edition; 2017.
[31].Klafki W. Didaktik. In: Tenorth HE and Tippelt R (editors). BELTZ Lexikon Pädagogik [BELTZ Dictionary of Education], Weinheim: Beltz; 2007, p. 158–161.
[32].Kotter JP. What leaders really do. Harvard Business Review, 2001, 79 (11). 85–97.
[33].Lange N. Future Perspectives for Higher Education: A Delphi-based Scenario Study with Special Regard to Elite Higher Education Institutions and Leadership Education. Wiesbaden: Springer VS; 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-40712-4_6.
[34].Lumpkin A and Achen R. Leadership Education: Assessment of Learning in a Sport Leadership Course. Journal of Leadership Education, 2019, 18(2): 95–110. https://doi.org/10.12806/V18/I2/R7.
[35].Mergenthaler J. Leadership Education - ein abduktiver Entwurf: Dissertation [Leadership Education – An Abductive Framework: Dissertation]. Stuttgart: Steinbeis-Edition; 2017.
[36].Naisbitt J. Megatrends: Ten new directions transforming our lives. Burbank: Warner Books Inc; 1984.
[37].Northouse PG. Leadership: Theory and practice. 7th ed.. New York City: SAGE Publications; 2016.
[38].Owen JE. Using Student Development Theories as Conceptual Frameworks in Leadership Education. New Directions for Student Services, 2012; 140: 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20029.
[39].Papaioannou G, Volakaki MG, Kokolakis S and Vouyioukas D. Learning Spaces in Higher Education: A State-of-the-Art Review. Trends in Higher Education, 2023; 2: 52–545. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu2030032.
[40].Pitsikalis S, Lasica IE, Kostas A and Vitsilaki C. Educational Design Guidelines for Teaching with Immersive Technologies—Updating Learning Outcomes of the European Qualification Framework. Trends in Higher Education, 2024; 3: 1091–1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3040064.
[41].Rasborg K. From class society to the individualized society? A critical reassessment of individualization and class. Irish Journal of Sociology, 2017; 25(3): 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0791603517706668.
[42].Reinders H, Ditton H, Gräsel C and Gniewosz B. Empirische Bildungsforschung: Gegenstandsbereiche. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Springer VS; 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783531930213.
[43].Rowe G, Wright G and Bolger F. Delphi: A Reevaluation of Research and Theory. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 1991, 39: 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/00401625(91)90039I.
[44].Schawel C and Billing F. Top 100 Management Tools. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978365818917.
[45].Schellhammer EP. A culture of peace and leadership education. International Journal of Public Leadership, 2016; 12(3): 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-04-2016-0014.
[46].Schneider DP. Lebenskompetenz- und Resilienzförderung im (digitalen) Lehr- und Lernsetting [Promoting Life Skills and Resilience in a (digital) Teaching and Learning Setting]. die hochschullehre, 2022; 8(1): 4560. https://doi.org/10.3278/HSL2204W.
[47].Stogdill R. Personal Factors Associated with Leadership: A Survey of the Literature. The Journal of Psychology, 1948; 25: 35–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1948.9917362
[48].Stowell F. Digitization and the Shaping of Society – A Soft Systems Study. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 2024; 37: 765-779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-023-09667-7.
[49].Thelen H, Dirkx K. Blended Education in Practice: Understanding the Gap between Instructional Design Knowledge and Digital Learning Integration. The Journal of Education Insights, 2025; 3(2): 1-17. https:doi.org/10.37155/2972-4856-jei0302-3.
[50].Tiberius V and Weyland M. Improving Curricula for Higher Entrepreneurship Education: An International Real-Time Delphi. Education Sciences, 2024; 14(2): 130; .
[51].Tiberius V and Weyland M. Identifying Constituent Elements of Entrepreneurship Curricula: A Systematic Literature Review. Administrative Sciences, 2024, 14 (1): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14010001.
[52].Thomas J and Harden A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2008, 8 (45): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-45.
[53].United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO]. Education for sustainable development: a roadmap; Paris: UNESCO; 2021. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374802
[54].von der Gracht HA and Darkow IL. Scenarios for the logistics services industry. A Delphi-based analysis for 2025. International Journal of Production Economics, 2010; 127(1): 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.04.013.
[55].Weselek J, Kohler F.; Siegmund, A. Digitale Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung. Anwendung und Praxis in der Hochschulbildung. Springer Spektrum: Heidelberg, Germany, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783662651223.
[56].Xiaoming Y, Samsudin S, Farizan NH and Yaakob SSN. An Examination of The Impacts Of Outdoor Education Programs. The Journal of Education Insights, 2024; 2 (4): 1-47. https://doi.org/10.37155/2972-4856-jei0204-1.
[57].Yukl G. Managerial Leadership. A Review of Theory and Research. Journal of Management, 1989; 15(2): 251–289. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014920638901500207
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Copyright © 2025 Ineke Blumenthal, Nick Lange, Stefanie Kisgen
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