What’s going on? A systematic literature review of the causes and consequences of teacher shortages
Hanneke Theelen （ Zuyd University of Applied Science, Nieuw Eyckholt 300, 6400 AN, Heerlen, The Netherlands ）
Dave H. J. van Breukelen （ Fontys University of Applied Science for Teacher Education Sittard, Monseigneur Claessensstraat 4, 6131 AJ, Sittard, The Netherlands ）
https://doi.org/10.37155/2972-4856-jei0304-15Abstract
This systematic review examines factors associated with teacher shortages in developed countries. Searches in Scopus, Web of Science, and ERIC (2007–2024) yielded 1,608 unique records, of which 47 met inclusion criteria after quality appraisal. Using thematic synthesis across the teacher pipeline, we identified four clusters of associated factors: career conditions, classroom issues, demographics, and teacher well-being. Evidence consistently links low relative pay, administrative burden, insufficient support, and early-career stress to higher attrition and turnover. Consequences concentrate in reduced instructional quality, increased workload, and educational inequality. By positioning these findings against prior reviews and international data, the study advances understanding of how shortages emerge and how they affect students, teachers, schools, and society. The review highlights the need for evidence-informed strategies to support teacher recruitment and retention, and points to directions for future research and policy in teacher education and the wider profession.
Keywords
Teacher shortage; Teacher pipeline; Recruitment; Retention; Systematic literature reviewFull Text
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