Categorical Human Mind: A Dialectical Daoist Yin-Yang Perspective
Yueh-Ting Lee （ Southern Illinois University Carbondale, USA ）
Matthew R Jamnik （ Flagler College, Florida, USA ）
Wenting Chen （ Capital Normal University, Beijing, China ）
Abstract
Human beings cannot function without the categorical (human) mind. The human mind, via cognition, functions in a both-and manner, affording for the dynamic exchange between the categories of person and environment. However, the categorical human mind has never been examined dialectically via a Daoist Psychology perspective. While dialectical thinking is universal both in the East and West, little attention has been paid to the categorical human mind from a Daoist yin and yang approach (i.e., opposite but interconnected). We explore the relationship between the human mind which could be both yin and yang and it is related to the environment categorically as informed by this view. Like the Daoist yin and yang, the unfolding of mind and environment can be understood as passive (yin) and, equally as much, as active (yang). The categorical human mind can influence the environment and experience (i.e., active mind), and also may be influenced itself (i.e., passive mind) by the environment or experience. Both the mind and environment operate across active (yang) and passive (yin) processes that are independent yet interconnected forces which mutually arise (like yin and yang). We discuss this dialectical Daoist yin-yang perspective of mind by focusing on categorical cognition and perception, social totemic cognition, stereotyping, and human development. These examples help to illustrate the both-and processes underlying the categorical human mind, emphasizing the mind as dialectical (i.e., Daoist yin-yang view); that is, independent while also interdependent and interactive , and featuring both active and passive capacities at the same time. The dialectical Daoist yin-yang view teaches us that human categorical mind is dependent on and independent of the situation and ecological environment.
Keywords
The yin-yang view; Categorical cognition; Totemic thinking; Daoist psychology; Developmental psychologyFull Text
PDFReferences
Bateson, G. (2002). Mind and nature: A necessary unity. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc.
Boas, F. (1916). The original of totemism. American Anthropologist, 18, 319-326.
Bohner, G. & Dickel, N. (2011). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 391–417.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1974). Developmental research, public policy, and the ecology of childhood. Child Development, 45(1), 1-5.
Bruner, J. (1987). Life as narrative. Social Research, 54, 11-32.
Chan, S., & Lee, Y-T. (2020). An experimental investigation of Chinese and American perceptions: Evaluation, potency and accuracy of cross-cultural stereotypes. American Review of China Studies, 21(1), 1-22.
Coll, C. G., Bearer, E. L., & Lerner, R. M. (2004). Nature and nurture: The complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development. New York: Psychology Press.
Darwin, C. (1959/2006). On the origin of species. In E. O. Wilson (Ed.), From so simple a beginning: the four great books of Charles Darwin. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
Descola, P. (2013). Beyond nature and culture. (J. Lloyd, Trans.). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Dewey, J. (1922/2008). Human nature and conduct. The iddle works, 1899-1924, volume 14. Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
Dewey, J. (1910/1998). How we think. D C Heath.
Durkheim, E. (1915/2008). The elementary forms of the religious life. (J. W. Swain, Trans.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc.
Eiser, J. R., & Stroebe, W. (1972). Categorization and social judgment. New York: Academic Press.
Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination. In D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 357-411). Boston: McGraw- Hill.
Frazer, J. G. (1910). Totemism and exogamy, (4 vols.), London: Macmillan.
Freud, S. (1913/1950). Totem and taboo (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Funder, D. C. (1987). Errors and mistakes: Evaluating the accuracy of social judgment. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 75–90
Gardner, H. (1973) The arts and human development: A psychological study of the artistic process. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: A Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Goldenweiser, A. A. (1910). Totemism: An analytical study. Journal of American Folk-Lore, 23, 179-293.
Gottlieb, G. (1991). Experiential canalization of behavioral development: Theory. Developmental Psychology, 27, 4–13.
James, W. (1890/1983). The principles of psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Jones, R. A. (2005). The secret of the totem. New York: Columbia University Press.
Jussim, L. (2005). Accuracy: Criticisms, controversies, criteria, components, and cognitive processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 1-93.
Jussim, L. (2012). Social perception and social reality: Why accuracy dominates bias and self-fulfilling prophecy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kanazawa, S. (2015). Where do gods come from? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(4), 306-313.
Kenny, D. A. (1994). Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis. New York: Guilford Publications.
Knopik, V. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., DeFries, J. C., & Plomin, R. (2022). Behavioral genetics. New York: Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.
Lang, A. (1905). The secret of the totem. London: Macmillan.
Le Forner, H. (2020). Age at parent’s separation and children achievement: Evidence from France using a sibling approach. HAL Open Science, I20 J12, 1-74.
Lee, Y-T. (1996). It is difference, not prejudice, that engenders intergroup tension. American Psychologist 51(3), 267-268.
Lee, Y-T. (1998). A guide to teaching social psychology across cultures. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Lee, Y-T. (2010, August). What can we learn from Wundt and Freud’s Totemic Psychology? Paper presented in the 118th Annual Convention of American Psychological Association, San Diego, CA.
Lee, Y-T. (2011). Social psychology of stereotyping and human difference appreciation. In S. Chen (ed.), Diversity management: Theoretical perspectives, practical approaches, and academic leadership (pp. 33-46). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Lee, Y-T., Bumgarner, J., Widner, R., & Luo, Z-L. (2007). Psychological models of stereotyping and profiling in law enforcement: How to increase accuracy by using more non-racial cues. Journal of Crime and Justice, 30(1), 87-129.
Lee, Y-T, Chen, X., Zhao, Y., & Chen, W. (2018). The quest for today’s Totemic Psychology: A new look at Wundt, Freud and other scientists. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 12(e24), 1-13.
Lee, Y-T., & Duenas, G. (1995). Stereotype accuracy in multicultural business. In Y. T. Lee, L. Jussim, & C. McCauley (Eds.), Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (pp. 157-186). Washington, DC: The American Psychological Association.
Lee, Y-T, Jamnik, M., Maedge, K., & Chen, W. (2020). The Darwin-God dilemma: A totemic approach to the meaning of life and human existence. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 355–361. doi: 10.1037/ebs0000229
Lee, Y-T., & Jussim, L. (2010). Back in the real world. American Psychologist, 65(2), 130-131.
Lee, Y-T., Jussim, L., & McCauley, C. (1995). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lee, Y-T, & Holt, L. (2019). Dao and Daoist Ideas for Scientists, Humanists, and Practitioners. Nova Publishers.
Lee, Y-T, & Kanazawa, S., K. (2015). An Introduction to the special issue on the nature and evolution of totemism, Shamanism, religions, and spirituality. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(4), 265-266.
Lee, Y-T., McCauley, C., & Jussim, C. (2013). Stereotypes as valid categories of knowledge, and human perceptions of group differences. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(7), 470-486.
Lee, Y-T., Ottati, V., Lin, C., & Chan, X. (2014). How are Asian Americans seen and evaluated? Examining ethnic stereotypes and their cultural complexity. Cross-Cultural Communication, 10(2), 98-111.
Lee, Y-T., Vue, S. Seklecki, R. & Ma, Y. (2007). How did Asian Americans Respond to Negative Stereotypes and Hate Crimes? American Behavioral Scientist, 51 (2), 271-293.
Lee, Y-T. & Zhao, Y. (2019). Ancient Daoist perspectives and modern stereotype research as approaches to diversity management and human differences appreciation. In Y-T Lee & L. Holt (eds.), Dao and Daoist ideas for scientists, humanists, and practitioners. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Lee, Y-T., Zhao, Y., Montoya, R. & Xu, C. (2019). Nature as the common theme of Daoism, Totemism and Darwinism: The evolutionary crossroads of sciences and humanities. In Y-T Lee & L. Holt (eds.), Dao and Daoist ideas for scientists, humanists, and practitioners. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Leonov, A. (2022). Mind engineering, habit, and human nature. Actual Problems of Mind. Philosophy Journal, (23), 190–216.
Levi-Strauss, C. (1962). Totemism. (R. Needham, Trans.). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Levi-Strauss, C. (1966). The savage mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. McCauley, C., Stitt, C. L., & Segal, M. (1980). Stereotyping: From prejudice to prediction. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 195-208.
McLennan, J. F. (1869). The worship of animals and plants. Fortnightly Review, 6, 407-427 and 562-582.
McLennan, J. F. (1870). The worship of animals and plants. Fortnightly Review, 7, 194-216.
Morgan, L. H. (1877/1974). Ancient society or research in the lines of human progress from savage through barbarism to civilization (with introduction & annotation by E. B. Leacock). Gloucester, MA: The World Publishing Co.
Nelson, T. D. (2009). Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination. New York: Psychology Press.
Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Osgood, C. E. (1952). The nature and measurement of meaning. Psychological Bulletin, 49(3), 197-237.
Osgood, C. E. (1979). Focus on meaning. New York: Mouton.
Palmer, C. T., Steadman, L. B., Cassidy, C., & Coe, K. (2008). Totemism, metaphor and tradition: Incorporating cultural traditions into evolutionary psychology explanations of religion. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 43(3), 919-935.
Pedersen, M. (2001). Totemism, animism, and North Asian indigenous ontologies. Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.), 7, 411-427.
Peirce, C. (1877/1950). The fixation of beliefs. In Philosophical Writings of Peirce (selected and edited with an Introduction by J. Buchler).
Peirce, C. (1878/1950). How to make our ideas clear. In Philosophical Writings of Peirce (selected and edited with an Introduction by J. Buchler).
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In: Communication and Persuasion. Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4964-1_1
Petty, R. & Brinol, P. (2010). Attitude change. In R Baumeister & E. Finkel (Eds.), Advanced Social Psychology (pp. 217-259) New York: Oxford University Press.
Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic.
Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human development, 15(1), 1-12.
Pinker, S. (1997). How the mind works. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Pinker, S. (1999). Words and rules. New York: Basic Books.
Pinker, S. (2002). The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature. New York: Viking.
Rivers, W. H. R. (1909). Totemism in Polynesia and Melanesia. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 39, 156-180.
Ryan, C. (2002). Stereotype accuracy. European Review of Social Psychology, 13, 75-109.
Sameroff, A. (2010). A unified theory of development: A dialectic integration of nature and nurture. Child Development, 81, 6-22.
Sameroff, A. J. (2020). It's More Complicated. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 2, 1-26.
Schneider, D. J. (2004). The psychology of stereotyping. New York: Guilford.
Tabery, J. (2014). Beyond versus: The struggle to understand the interaction of nature and nurture. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Triandis, H. C. (2009). Fooling ourselves: Self-perception in politics, religion, and terrorism. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Triandis, H. C., & Vassiliou, V. (1967). Frequency of contact and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7(3), 316-328.
Vygotsky, L. (1962). Thought and language. In E. Hanfmann & G. Vakar (Eds.), The development of scientific concepts in childhood (pp. 82-118). Cambridge: MIT Press
Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). The collected works of LS Vygotsky: Problems of the theory and history of psychology (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media.
Wellman, H. M. (2017). The development of theory of mind: Historical reflections. Child Development Perspectives, 11(3), 207-214.
White, M. (2018). The Jonestown massacre: What we must not forget. Long Beach, CA: Wideness Press.
Wundt, W. (1912/1916). Elements of folk psychology: Outlines of a psychological history of the development of mankind (E. L. Schaub, Trans.). New York: The Macmillan Co.
Boas, F. (1916). The original of totemism. American Anthropologist, 18, 319-326.
Bohner, G. & Dickel, N. (2011). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 391–417.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1974). Developmental research, public policy, and the ecology of childhood. Child Development, 45(1), 1-5.
Bruner, J. (1987). Life as narrative. Social Research, 54, 11-32.
Chan, S., & Lee, Y-T. (2020). An experimental investigation of Chinese and American perceptions: Evaluation, potency and accuracy of cross-cultural stereotypes. American Review of China Studies, 21(1), 1-22.
Coll, C. G., Bearer, E. L., & Lerner, R. M. (2004). Nature and nurture: The complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development. New York: Psychology Press.
Darwin, C. (1959/2006). On the origin of species. In E. O. Wilson (Ed.), From so simple a beginning: the four great books of Charles Darwin. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
Descola, P. (2013). Beyond nature and culture. (J. Lloyd, Trans.). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Dewey, J. (1922/2008). Human nature and conduct. The iddle works, 1899-1924, volume 14. Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
Dewey, J. (1910/1998). How we think. D C Heath.
Durkheim, E. (1915/2008). The elementary forms of the religious life. (J. W. Swain, Trans.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc.
Eiser, J. R., & Stroebe, W. (1972). Categorization and social judgment. New York: Academic Press.
Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination. In D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 357-411). Boston: McGraw- Hill.
Frazer, J. G. (1910). Totemism and exogamy, (4 vols.), London: Macmillan.
Freud, S. (1913/1950). Totem and taboo (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Funder, D. C. (1987). Errors and mistakes: Evaluating the accuracy of social judgment. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 75–90
Gardner, H. (1973) The arts and human development: A psychological study of the artistic process. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: A Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Goldenweiser, A. A. (1910). Totemism: An analytical study. Journal of American Folk-Lore, 23, 179-293.
Gottlieb, G. (1991). Experiential canalization of behavioral development: Theory. Developmental Psychology, 27, 4–13.
James, W. (1890/1983). The principles of psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Jones, R. A. (2005). The secret of the totem. New York: Columbia University Press.
Jussim, L. (2005). Accuracy: Criticisms, controversies, criteria, components, and cognitive processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 1-93.
Jussim, L. (2012). Social perception and social reality: Why accuracy dominates bias and self-fulfilling prophecy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kanazawa, S. (2015). Where do gods come from? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(4), 306-313.
Kenny, D. A. (1994). Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis. New York: Guilford Publications.
Knopik, V. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., DeFries, J. C., & Plomin, R. (2022). Behavioral genetics. New York: Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.
Lang, A. (1905). The secret of the totem. London: Macmillan.
Le Forner, H. (2020). Age at parent’s separation and children achievement: Evidence from France using a sibling approach. HAL Open Science, I20 J12, 1-74.
Lee, Y-T. (1996). It is difference, not prejudice, that engenders intergroup tension. American Psychologist 51(3), 267-268.
Lee, Y-T. (1998). A guide to teaching social psychology across cultures. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Lee, Y-T. (2010, August). What can we learn from Wundt and Freud’s Totemic Psychology? Paper presented in the 118th Annual Convention of American Psychological Association, San Diego, CA.
Lee, Y-T. (2011). Social psychology of stereotyping and human difference appreciation. In S. Chen (ed.), Diversity management: Theoretical perspectives, practical approaches, and academic leadership (pp. 33-46). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Lee, Y-T., Bumgarner, J., Widner, R., & Luo, Z-L. (2007). Psychological models of stereotyping and profiling in law enforcement: How to increase accuracy by using more non-racial cues. Journal of Crime and Justice, 30(1), 87-129.
Lee, Y-T, Chen, X., Zhao, Y., & Chen, W. (2018). The quest for today’s Totemic Psychology: A new look at Wundt, Freud and other scientists. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 12(e24), 1-13.
Lee, Y-T., & Duenas, G. (1995). Stereotype accuracy in multicultural business. In Y. T. Lee, L. Jussim, & C. McCauley (Eds.), Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (pp. 157-186). Washington, DC: The American Psychological Association.
Lee, Y-T, Jamnik, M., Maedge, K., & Chen, W. (2020). The Darwin-God dilemma: A totemic approach to the meaning of life and human existence. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 355–361. doi: 10.1037/ebs0000229
Lee, Y-T., & Jussim, L. (2010). Back in the real world. American Psychologist, 65(2), 130-131.
Lee, Y-T., Jussim, L., & McCauley, C. (1995). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lee, Y-T, & Holt, L. (2019). Dao and Daoist Ideas for Scientists, Humanists, and Practitioners. Nova Publishers.
Lee, Y-T, & Kanazawa, S., K. (2015). An Introduction to the special issue on the nature and evolution of totemism, Shamanism, religions, and spirituality. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(4), 265-266.
Lee, Y-T., McCauley, C., & Jussim, C. (2013). Stereotypes as valid categories of knowledge, and human perceptions of group differences. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(7), 470-486.
Lee, Y-T., Ottati, V., Lin, C., & Chan, X. (2014). How are Asian Americans seen and evaluated? Examining ethnic stereotypes and their cultural complexity. Cross-Cultural Communication, 10(2), 98-111.
Lee, Y-T., Vue, S. Seklecki, R. & Ma, Y. (2007). How did Asian Americans Respond to Negative Stereotypes and Hate Crimes? American Behavioral Scientist, 51 (2), 271-293.
Lee, Y-T. & Zhao, Y. (2019). Ancient Daoist perspectives and modern stereotype research as approaches to diversity management and human differences appreciation. In Y-T Lee & L. Holt (eds.), Dao and Daoist ideas for scientists, humanists, and practitioners. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Lee, Y-T., Zhao, Y., Montoya, R. & Xu, C. (2019). Nature as the common theme of Daoism, Totemism and Darwinism: The evolutionary crossroads of sciences and humanities. In Y-T Lee & L. Holt (eds.), Dao and Daoist ideas for scientists, humanists, and practitioners. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Leonov, A. (2022). Mind engineering, habit, and human nature. Actual Problems of Mind. Philosophy Journal, (23), 190–216.
Levi-Strauss, C. (1962). Totemism. (R. Needham, Trans.). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Levi-Strauss, C. (1966). The savage mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. McCauley, C., Stitt, C. L., & Segal, M. (1980). Stereotyping: From prejudice to prediction. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 195-208.
McLennan, J. F. (1869). The worship of animals and plants. Fortnightly Review, 6, 407-427 and 562-582.
McLennan, J. F. (1870). The worship of animals and plants. Fortnightly Review, 7, 194-216.
Morgan, L. H. (1877/1974). Ancient society or research in the lines of human progress from savage through barbarism to civilization (with introduction & annotation by E. B. Leacock). Gloucester, MA: The World Publishing Co.
Nelson, T. D. (2009). Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination. New York: Psychology Press.
Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Osgood, C. E. (1952). The nature and measurement of meaning. Psychological Bulletin, 49(3), 197-237.
Osgood, C. E. (1979). Focus on meaning. New York: Mouton.
Palmer, C. T., Steadman, L. B., Cassidy, C., & Coe, K. (2008). Totemism, metaphor and tradition: Incorporating cultural traditions into evolutionary psychology explanations of religion. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 43(3), 919-935.
Pedersen, M. (2001). Totemism, animism, and North Asian indigenous ontologies. Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.), 7, 411-427.
Peirce, C. (1877/1950). The fixation of beliefs. In Philosophical Writings of Peirce (selected and edited with an Introduction by J. Buchler).
Peirce, C. (1878/1950). How to make our ideas clear. In Philosophical Writings of Peirce (selected and edited with an Introduction by J. Buchler).
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In: Communication and Persuasion. Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4964-1_1
Petty, R. & Brinol, P. (2010). Attitude change. In R Baumeister & E. Finkel (Eds.), Advanced Social Psychology (pp. 217-259) New York: Oxford University Press.
Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic.
Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human development, 15(1), 1-12.
Pinker, S. (1997). How the mind works. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Pinker, S. (1999). Words and rules. New York: Basic Books.
Pinker, S. (2002). The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature. New York: Viking.
Rivers, W. H. R. (1909). Totemism in Polynesia and Melanesia. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 39, 156-180.
Ryan, C. (2002). Stereotype accuracy. European Review of Social Psychology, 13, 75-109.
Sameroff, A. (2010). A unified theory of development: A dialectic integration of nature and nurture. Child Development, 81, 6-22.
Sameroff, A. J. (2020). It's More Complicated. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 2, 1-26.
Schneider, D. J. (2004). The psychology of stereotyping. New York: Guilford.
Tabery, J. (2014). Beyond versus: The struggle to understand the interaction of nature and nurture. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Triandis, H. C. (2009). Fooling ourselves: Self-perception in politics, religion, and terrorism. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Triandis, H. C., & Vassiliou, V. (1967). Frequency of contact and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7(3), 316-328.
Vygotsky, L. (1962). Thought and language. In E. Hanfmann & G. Vakar (Eds.), The development of scientific concepts in childhood (pp. 82-118). Cambridge: MIT Press
Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). The collected works of LS Vygotsky: Problems of the theory and history of psychology (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media.
Wellman, H. M. (2017). The development of theory of mind: Historical reflections. Child Development Perspectives, 11(3), 207-214.
White, M. (2018). The Jonestown massacre: What we must not forget. Long Beach, CA: Wideness Press.
Wundt, W. (1912/1916). Elements of folk psychology: Outlines of a psychological history of the development of mankind (E. L. Schaub, Trans.). New York: The Macmillan Co.
Copyright © 2023 Yueh-Ting Lee, Matthew R Jamnik, Wenting Chen
Publishing time:2023-10-16
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Email
Location